| Type | Wetting |
|---|---|
| Type I - Without Anesthesia | 10-30mm |
| Type II - With Anesthesia | >8mm |
| Result | Breakup Time |
|---|---|
| Normal | ≥10 seconds |
| Abnormal | <10 seconds |
| Result | Wetting |
|---|---|
| Normal | >20mm |
| Marginal | 10-20mm |
| Dry | <10mm |
| Grade | Drusen |
|---|---|
| 1 | Few small (<63µm) |
| 2 | Many small or 1 intermediate (63-124µm) |
| 3 | Many intermediate or 1 large (≥125µm) |
| 4 | Geographic or neovascular atrophy |
*AAO Recommendation
| Class | Color | Cap |
|---|---|---|
| Adrenergic agonist combinations | Light Green | |
| Adrenergic agonists | Purple | |
| Anti-infectives | Tan | |
| Anti-inflammatory, non-steroidal | Gray | |
| Anti-inflammatory, steroids | Pink | |
| Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulators | Olive Green | |
| Beta-blocker combinations | Dark Blue | |
| Beta-blockers | Yellow | |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Orange | |
| Cytotoxic | Black | |
| Miotics | Dark Green | |
| Mydriatics and cycloplegics | Red | |
| Prostaglandin analogues | Turquoise |
| CCT (µ) |
Adjustment (mmHg) |
|---|---|
| 445 | +7 |
| 455 | +6 |
| 465 | +6 |
| 475 | +5 |
| 485 | +4 |
| 495 | +4 |
| 505 | +3 |
| CCT (µ) |
Adjustment (mmHg) |
|---|---|
| 515 | +2 |
| 525 | +1 |
| 535 | +1 |
| 545 | 0 |
| 555 | -1 |
| 565 | -1 |
| 575 | -2 |
| CCT (µ) |
Adjustment (mmHg) |
|---|---|
| 585 | -3 |
| 595 | -4 |
| 605 | -4 |
| 615 | -5 |
| 625 | -6 |
| 635 | -6 |
| 645 | -7 |
| Nerve | Origination | Purpose | Innervation |
|---|---|---|---|
| I - Olfactory | Cerebrum | Olfaction/Smell | Sensory |
| II - Optic | Cerebrum | Vision | Sensory |
| III - Oculomotor Divisions: Superior/Inferior |
Midbrain | Eye Movement, Pupillary Constriction, Accomodation |
Motor |
| IV - Trochlear | Midbrain | Eye Movement with Superior Oblique | Motor |
| V - Trigeminal Branches: V1-Ophthalmic, V2-Maxillary, V3-Mandibular |
Pons | Corneal & Facial Sensation, Mastication | Sensory & Motor |
| VI - Abducens | Pontomedullary Region | Eye Movement with Lateral Rectus | Motor |
| VII - Facial Braches: Posterior Auricular, Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical |
Pontomedullary Region | Facial Expression, Taste, Anterior 2/3 of Tongue, Lacrimation, Salivation |
Sensory & Motor |
| VIII - Vestibulocochlear | Pontomedullary Region | Hearing, Equilibrium | Sensory |
| IX - Glossopharyngeal | Medulla Oblongata | Taste, Posterior 1/3 of Tongue, Swallowing, Salivation, Sensory Information from Carotid Sinus |
Sensory & Motor |
| X - Vagus | Medulla Oblongata | Taste, Swallowing, Palate Elevation, Speech, Slowing Heart Rate |
Sensory & Motor |
| XI - Accessory | Medulla Oblongata & Cervical Spinal Cord |
Head Turning, Shoulder Shrugging | Motor |
| XII - Hypoglossal | Medulla Oblongata | Tongue Movement | Motor |
| Test | Expected Values |
|---|---|
| Near Cover Test | Ortho - 6XP |
| NPC | 5/7cm Near 7/10cm Distance |
| Vergence Facility (3BI/12BO) | 15 cycles/min |
| Positive Fusional Vergence | 17/21/11 |
| Negative Fusional Vergence | 13/21/13 |
| Positive Fusional Reserve (Blur/Break/Recovery) |
7-11 / 15-23 / 8-12 △ |
| Negative Fusional Reserve (Blur/Break/Recovery) |
x / 5-9 / 3-5 △ |
| Amplitude of Accomodation | Minimum: 15 - (¼)Age |
| Lag of Accomodation | +0.25 to +0.75 |
| Positive Relative Accomodation | -2.37 (±1.00) |
| Negative Relative Accomodation | +2.00 (±0.50) |
| ACA | 4/1 △ |
| Condition | Cover Test | NPC | Vergence Facility |
Vergence Amplitude |
Accomodative Amplitude |
Binocular Acc. Facility |
Monocular Acc. Facility |
NRA/PRA | MEM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Exophoria | Exo, D=N | Normal | Low BO @ D&N | Low BO @ D&N | Normal | Fails (+) | Normal | Low NRA | Low |
| Basic Esophoria | Eso, D=N | Normal | Low BI @ D&N | Low BI @ D&N | Normal | Fails (-) | Normal | Low PRA | High |
| Convergence Insufficiency | Exo, >N | Receded | Low BO | Low BO | Normal | Fails (+) | Normal | Low NRA | Low |
| Convergence Excess | Eso, >N | Normal | Low BI | Normal | Normal | Fails (-) | Normal | Low PRA | High |
| Divergence Insufficiency | Eso, >D | Normal | Low BI @ D | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal |
| Divergence Excess | Exo, >D | Normal | Low BO @ D | Low BO @ D | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal |
| Accomodative Insufficiency | No Pattern | Normal | Normal | Normal | Low | Fails (-) | Fails (-) | Low PRA | High |
| Fusional Vergence Dysfunction | Low Eso or Exo | Normal | Low BI & BO | Normal | Normal | Fails (+) & (-) | Normal | Low NRA/PRA | Normal |
| VA | Absolute Myopia/Hyperopia (D) | Uncorrected Astigmatism (D) |
|---|---|---|
| 20/20 | 0.00 | Small |
| 20/30 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
| 20/40 | 0.75 | 1.50 |
| 20/60 | 1.00 | 2.00 |
| 20/80 | 1.50 | 3.00 |
| 20/120 | 2.00 | 4.00 |
| 20/200 | 2.00 - 3.00 | High |
| Isoametropic | Anisometropic | |
|---|---|---|
| Astigmatism | ≥2.50D | ≥1.50D |
| Myopia | ≥6.00D | ≥3.00D |
| Hyperopia | ≥4.00D | ≥1.00D |
| Material | Abbe Value | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|
| Glass | 58.6 | 1.503 |
| CR-39 | 56.8 | 1.498 |
| Trivex | 44 | 1.532 |
| High Index 1.74 | 33 | 1.740 |
| Polycarbonate | 30 | 1.586 |