Dry Eye Reference Guide

Dry eye is a prevalent, chronic ocular condition characterized by inadequate tear quantity or compromised tear quality. Typical symptoms include discomfort, irritation, redness, blurred vision, and a gritty sensation. This disorder originates from decreased tear production, increased tear evaporation, or instability within the tear film, significantly impacting visual comfort and clarity.

Dry eye commonly arises from either reduced tear production or increased evaporation of tears. Factors such as autoimmune diseases (like Sjögren’s syndrome), hormonal fluctuations, and certain medications may decrease tear production. Increased evaporation often results from meibomian gland dysfunction, environmental conditions (dry air, wind exposure), or extensive use of digital screens, leading to ocular discomfort and inflammation.

Chronic dry eye can damage the corneal surface, making it susceptible to infections, ulcers, and scarring. Over time, untreated dry eye can impair vision and substantially diminish quality of life, affecting daily activities such as reading or using computers. Early diagnosis and tailored management strategies can mitigate these risks, safeguarding visual comfort and clarity.

Diagnosing dry eye involves comprehensive assessments of tear production, evaporation rates, and ocular surface integrity, utilizing tests such as Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) and Schirmer’s test. Effective treatment typically integrates artificial tears, anti-inflammatory medications, punctal plugs, and specialized in-office procedures. Lifestyle adjustments—including reduced screen exposure and increased environmental humidity—further improve patient comfort and therapeutic outcomes.